What the six dimensions are
American psychologist John Holland proposed his theory of career interests in the 1950s. Its core claim: people are drawn to work environments that match their interest type, and the fit between a person and their environment predicts job satisfaction and stability.
He divided career interests into six dimensions, abbreviated as RIASEC:
| Code |
Type |
Core traits |
Typical environments |
| R |
Realistic |
Hands-on work, tools and machines, concrete results |
Technical, engineering, agriculture |
| I |
Investigative |
Observation and analysis, solving abstract problems |
Research, data, healthcare |
| A |
Artistic |
Creative expression, unconventional, original |
Design, media, performance |
| S |
Social |
Helping, teaching, collaborating |
Education, healthcare, social work |
| E |
Enterprising |
Persuasion, leadership, reaching goals |
Sales, management, entrepreneurship |
| C |
Conventional |
Order, process, precision |
Administration, finance, operations |
The three-letter Holland Code
Take your three highest-scoring dimensions and you get your three-letter code, for example SAE, RIC or ECR. The first letter is your main tendency, while the second and third add detail about the environments where you do your best work.
In practice, occupational databases such as O*NET tag every occupation with a Holland Code, then use the similarity between a person's code and an occupation's code for an initial filter. That is also the basis for the career directions this test suggests.
How the six types sit relative to each other
Holland arranged the six types on a hexagon: neighbouring types correlate more strongly, while opposite types differ the most.
- Neighbouring: R-I, I-A, A-S, S-E, E-C, C-R
- Opposite: R-S, I-E, A-C
So if your code is RIC (three neighbouring types), your interests are fairly concentrated. If it is something cross-diagonal like RSA, your interests are more spread out and you will need to weigh more trade-offs when choosing a career.
Common misunderstandings
- This is an aptitude test: it is not. It measures interest preferences, not what you are good at.
- Your highest type is the only path: it is not. Most people have mixed interests, and the second and third letters matter just as much.
- Interests never change: they do. Interests shift with experience and life stage, so retake the test every few years.