What is JWT Encoding?
JWT encoding is the process of creating a JSON Web Token, including building the Header and Payload, then signing them using a specified algorithm and secret key. The generated JWT can be used for authentication and information transmission.
JWT Generation Steps
- Create Header: Specify token type (JWT) and signing algorithm
- Create Payload: Add claims and user data
- Base64 Encoding: Base64URL encode the Header and Payload
- Create Signature: Sign the encoded data using specified algorithm and secret key
- Combine Token: Join the three parts with dots (.) to form the final JWT
Supported Signing Algorithms
- HS256: HMAC SHA-256, most commonly used symmetric encryption algorithm
- HS384: HMAC SHA-384, stronger security
- HS512: HMAC SHA-512, highest level of security
Payload Best Practices
- Standard Claims: Use standard fields like iss, sub, aud, exp, iat
- Custom Claims: Add application-specific user information and permissions
- Expiration Time: Always set reasonable exp (expiration time)
- Data Minimization: Include only necessary information, avoid sensitive data
Security Recommendations
- Use strong keys, at least 32 characters of random string
- Regularly rotate keys to improve security
- Set reasonable expiration times, usually no more than 24 hours
- Use HTTPS to transmit JWT in production environment
- Consider using refresh token mechanism